Pressure ulcers, or decubitus, are areas of damaged skin caused by prolonged pressure of certain bones against the skin. Pressure ulcers are commonly called bedsores, as they most often affect people confined to a bed or chair. Pressure ulcers can be superficial or very deep and vary in appearance.
Pressure ulcers form where bones cause the greatest force on the skin. The areas most associated with pressure ulcers are the tailbone, heels, elbows, shoulder blades, knees, ankles, the back of the head, and the spine. Constant pressure on the skin squeezes tiny blood vessels and prevents them from carrying nutrients and oxygen to the skin. As a result, the tissue dies and a pressure ulcer forms.
Approximately one in ten hospital patients, one in eight home care patients, and one in four nursing home residents suffer from pressure ulcers. Several factors result in an increased risk of pressure ulcers. Anyone who is confined to a bed, chair or wheelchair has an elevated risk.
People who are unable to move due to paralysis, coma or hip fracture are at high risk to suffer from pressure ulcers. Incontinence can affect your chances as well, as moisture can irritate the skin. If possible, treat the root cause of incontinence (i.e., urinary tract infections, some medications, etc).
Poor nutrition also increases the likelihood of pressure ulcers, as it weakens the skin. Healthy eating means healthier skin and circulation. Eat a balanced diet if at all possible. If not, talk to your health care provider about nutrition supplements. Protein and calories are particularly important. Those with peripheral vascular disease - a restriction of blood flow in any part of the body except the heart - are also at higher risk for bedsores. This disease should be treated directly, but some tips to avoid pressure ulcers include rehabilitation programs and communicating openly with your health care provider about your needs, wants and concerns. Your participation in maintaining your comfort is crucial. Finally, people who suffer from lowered mental awareness are also susceptible, as they may lack the alertness to change sitting positions to relieve pressure at the necessary frequency.
